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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, + n/ t" z. M4 |& ^$ U! J4 |
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ; t1 W f- W. [" _# ^ ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
8 |( P, ?, e( ?4 B v"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 9 P; t) s3 C6 G" s; W3 h
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,( p, S7 P; J9 J1 t& b' jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 c( R: o% a9 ^2 u) N"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。 3 E: |' K5 e% C1 Y7 L! t# d2 v
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0 e v% V3 L3 b0 K7 m' a% d* s4 `" J7 r6 mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, " c" Q5 \, [7 e$ f5 N/ q% g. o" j
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 1 s8 E; U0 l! Y n- _. D# {
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
6 @& q4 N& U- `8 g8 ["Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,- z8 h4 ?3 y" w! |
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, - ^$ F) _9 l4 R' e3 ~
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ' m2 r& u( w3 ~+ hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& y- o+ U2 l8 ]8 C3 ]8 T
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 6 [" ]! l( C" w4 [- y' P6 L2 v
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, - D2 G# r+ \$ w+ @ x
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。 3 j+ L& a' B6 ~: x# K
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,$ d) E% i _8 N1 a1 Q. [
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
3 |6 z/ C0 k, o" O"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
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3 N! k6 ~' e: U& h6 y& }2 ~3 Y0 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ' i' j. R& k7 I2 s5 S1 w4 u% A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ % [0 `! C& ~. o, ?- b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” $ e( G# M H- a) j7 O% R# k& q8 z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ J, Q3 N; i8 l. W; J# ?
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 8 Q" i5 Q$ x7 h1 L
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, " O1 _0 Z, ^5 G& s0 j! Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
/ j" Z, n$ B! p"Times New Roman"">前者为因, / q$ C0 B S: b% b* W$ N( nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 5 l9 t* q& F" V2 n) P6 ^* J8 A5 n
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 G% ~& L: z0 Y4 q3 Z"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,1 |* K1 z3 `: V' J. ]
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, " b+ e9 A# f$ Z, k' t8 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ( D" _4 O9 E2 D, o, v2 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 {% w' O6 `" ?5 c! {) S U! X
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 4 X. E4 Z) o. r7 x7 A5 z1 q9 K5 T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: : o6 {& O0 W; l+ v) L& M+ A& u
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
" p3 x/ b8 A0 \ `. X1 C9 T: J7 u8 {"Times New Roman"">“ , o, t4 j3 P/ \2 p: {8 I
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 4 Y6 @& I M) p$ `8 P0 K/ y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 2 q2 e; K$ w6 ~% D- l( t, E
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 3 h4 d$ Y5 V$ ?1 k' R% U- N, I
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"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:5 R' c& u5 K1 e8 P1 U8 |
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。 ) y* T, |% u: r( r
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, D- J1 B/ s* Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 4 Q4 K6 `8 z6 t, B! k: L1 o$ P, @
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 8 |! u1 W! M- D0 v7 V7 Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
$ ^5 x W+ a, G7 ?: u6 u5 F"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,0 z9 g1 g9 \ z8 _
, D+ h4 o1 B- ]9 | v- ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, / m' w7 q2 R& A. N$ v$ @8 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 O* L) {$ u& [/ l, w' y
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, % J2 g$ g4 y- D5 N/ E9 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 + D; N5 P- B! |4 g6 i8 K0 j# g% ~
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里, l: G( b7 z- L. P2 B& J
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 5 J3 e% g7 w$ C4 u" m
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(- j5 a0 N6 M' R @9 {$ q
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 5 M5 Y: b4 C/ Z/ }2 Q! |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 v, ^# O3 t, j1 d7 W. L8 E1 H
"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用. j* T9 |' o# p/ S$ X: B& c12.0pt">, , C5 Z; G$ O# e- H"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 9 k! b& w$ I5 b2 d' }& w
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
% m5 ^: Y3 P4 i/ Z }1 G"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ! b" b5 X/ l( n
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为! ` x3 {. x* k& o$ v
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ! {$ {% ]9 Q4 G4 U5 I* m8 ?% Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
0 U5 l! C- x9 r+ G2 z" s0 E8 T"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 8 n8 k+ ]& c9 f: t8 ^- {" U. V0 \
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, . j2 ^# A) D4 [5 x7 s4 p& K2 q' u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, , I. t1 S$ _9 [; qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 m0 i# z3 e: ?
"Times New Roman"">“ ' x4 ^3 s- w3 l1 g7 D
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”6 \! E8 w: L; v6 y& s
12.0pt"> 8 j2 J. z* f' \! b0 E% f5 G
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。 4 ]. R8 j* y v8 @
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, & f3 P ^; w5 |' p
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, - c7 [6 Q# e/ K; A. x* \- f; Y, y6 x
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 s* y7 a- S7 x% ~6 U6 |
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 4 t0 K# G6 j4 ^7 J2 v8 {/ y
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, * r/ G$ f0 F! q8 J# k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, z: @$ N; Q: \! _3 Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 s7 a. t X: f2 H3 g& c/ Q
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ; [( x& H5 L; x( Z* B8 I( B
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” $ A2 K1 L; `. `/ Z& ]: ]
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。 . u4 G5 Y2 D; d& c/ o$ ]) w, h
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6 n( d% z. G3 J( |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
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"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 5 Q: C! g3 L# _* b" H$ \: q, B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, $ r, ~7 @8 T/ U" D1 k9 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
6 ?( |7 z B4 J8 ?& ~; s"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
; I( Z& N, B% i! z+ l7 ^, y# q9 ~9 h( u1 R8 d6 ~% T8 v4 c% `5 O- H
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ! W0 q% q9 r, O) l4 U1 Q6 b( efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 D+ E1 S4 M+ m
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,$ `1 G. K+ G6 a. f
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 7 Q8 x8 n+ F/ A9 x
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 z# g0 n2 T; @% G
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题: B' f& t) g* u2 U6 @9 t
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: + C& l3 f6 ~" t; }- W, sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
( ~. k! r( M* o- I* w( }"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才! P* |8 s! q0 Q: h; T12.0pt">, + v' ]' E) A8 N
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, / v8 l2 H2 M! t, S, k& j5 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
+ t) F& ^3 s& t4 X"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; - a3 Z0 T4 @; i y7 T4 W
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, # R8 B. S9 X8 x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 9 M+ a8 n0 ]# u$ Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
8 z. I% u3 r& g; {+ @"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题# H% q" @4 ^1 E, V. s12.0pt">; - c" X5 P0 o# G' o- y/ N" s"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, $ h. O! Q/ z9 u. ^
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ a) Y# T4 J, d$ [
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求' |" i4 r& T3 ?+ V7 n12.0pt">: 0 w `6 G% e8 `8 I: W9 k"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 2 d. D5 d; @4 G* o3 P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
2 L) N; `# S: y/ B"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ' { f; P/ A* Q5 p: q3 ~
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 2 e! q/ U* k2 _+ N5 \- O8 j1 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. g! ?& L2 ^8 z' y- Y
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统. u# w$ W; ?- T* J- Q4 K$ b1 z
12.0pt">: * s6 K1 _+ G: F7 M
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 5 d2 O# {) P2 A% ~+ [/ y1 K
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” & L5 h( [! e o+ I6 A+ a( I8 @, ~
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
9 T2 u# n3 ^6 g( M1 i$ v% ]- G! Q* K$ N9 ~3 H6 W- ^! g! n
8 ?$ V2 Q3 i" x3 C3 H) q6 w8 S9 l: ], `# u+ @* z* f% ^& T9 I7 a0 I
7 L% `& b* [) T, a x5 `# N) V* b; `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> ' g9 h: G; s, Q; t/ A/ h& h% {
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> ( ?2 r8 ?6 n# x; x% u1 F
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,
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"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
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& k4 ^' K! u# o: X. C; o+ I8 {9 S6 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, - ?& Q5 r) k8 I+ Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
r' E. I- \( l* o/ q"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, " e5 q( C7 M: {) Y% Q, G+ j
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, - ]0 u+ U' y9 o% x# w& K! n6 hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 Q) p) ]6 L4 X2 f0 K. |; N5 c
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
( x. }0 P1 o3 o& N7 D% W. U. t5 x3 mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, , D2 _ y" H: T9 \( lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
# `1 ?1 Q: e/ m+ S"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, . i# n# i0 U ]7 @. Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, + N7 I: [5 O: s; t# a: w" \+ x
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: * Y4 t5 l7 z! `: qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
. l1 g( v2 a1 j# D4 `/ \"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 0 l! t# f5 Y& Y. R0 C. E: m- n5 c
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 5 {, f- C Y2 s3 k2 L7 |; [
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
6 Y5 h H" b1 G6 g) c6 X9 o"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 2 f4 a: t+ r* r; l9 y$ z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。 / R3 N" W% Q& Y
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,0 n2 _6 p1 U1 k( V: U( Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, F6 m+ Q" K& K# i% V' ]
"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定# E- m9 L8 O( M% p
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, , s$ a" O5 M3 k: Q2 M
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 [ D, d+ `, A& j
"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:" p6 D% }5 J$ c; u" y$ e% s$ Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 6 d( w8 @& X" t2 y* r+ S- v
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 0 F' b: P+ w% c
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% _1 }5 D% P& _2 A( E"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 1 a! {# O2 ], emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, - e) g2 x8 V6 D. L* |
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
" c+ h( \8 U. x. ~"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: % ]: g+ H" D, P0 B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 0 T& n2 ~: b, A8 o6 m; f
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 2 o% ]$ b3 p" ]( e, K9 O
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" m0 }" k7 V6 _( y8 F- [
"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊 |
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
抢沙发
千斤顶
显身卡
300x180 AD
